Thus, transfusion can be considered safe as long as the serum of the recipient does not contain antibodies for the blood cell antigens of the donor. There is an agglutination reaction between similar antigen and antibody (for example, antigen A agglutinates the antibody A and antigen B agglutinates the antibody B). Antigen null (group O) with both antibody A and B.Antigen AB with neither antibody A nor B.The antibodies present together with the antigens are found as follows: Regarding the antigen property of the blood all human beings can be classified into four groups, those with antigen A (group A), those with antigen B (group B), those with both antigen A and B (group AB) and those with neither antigen (group O). The antigens are present on the red blood cells and the antibodies in the serum. The two antibodies are antibody A and antibody B. The two antigens are antigen A and antigen B. The ABO blood group system involves two antigens and two antibodies found in human blood. The Duffy antigen, presumably as a result of natural selection, is less common in population groups from areas having a high incidence of malaria. Certain blood types may affect susceptibility to infections, an example being the resistance to specific malaria species seen in individuals lacking the Duffy antigen. Some blood types are associated with inheritance of other diseases for example, the Kell antigen is sometimes associated with McLeod syndrome. Provided the donor had a different ABO type, the new cells' surface antigens will be different from those on the surface of the patient's original red blood cells. Once all the patient's original red blood cells have died, they will have been fully replaced by new cells derived from the donor HSCs. If a person receives bone marrow from someone of a different ABO type (e.g., a type A patient receives a type O bone marrow), the patient's blood type should eventually become the donor's type, as the patient's hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are destroyed, either by ablation of the bone marrow or by the donor's T-cells. Bone-marrow transplants are performed for many leukemias and lymphomas, among other diseases. Another more common cause of blood type change is a bone marrow transplant.

Almost always, an individual has the same blood group for life, but very rarely an individual's blood type changes through addition or suppression of an antigen in infection, malignancy, or autoimmune disease. The two most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB, and O, with + or − denoting RhD status) for suitability in blood transfusion.Ī complete blood type would describe each of the 44 blood groups, and an individual's blood type is one of many possible combinations of blood-group antigens. As of December 2022, a total of 44 human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). īlood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents of an individual. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. If a person has the genes -, the Rh factor will be negative.Ī baby receives one gene from the father and one from the mother.Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.Ī blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). If a person has the genes + -, the Rh factor will also be positive. If a person has the genes + +, the Rh factor in the blood will be positive. The Rh-positive gene is dominant (stronger) and even when paired with an Rh-negative gene, the positive gene takes over. Rh factors follow a common pattern of genetic inheritance. A baby may have the blood type and Rh factor of either parent, or a combination of both parents. The following are the possible combinations of blood types with the Rh factors: If there is no Rh factor protein, the person is Rh- negative. If the Rh factor protein is present on the cells, the person is Rh-positive. The Rh factor is a protein that is found on the covering of the red blood cells. The blood type is found as proteins on red blood cells and in body fluids. The blood type and the Rh factor simply mean that a person's blood has certain specific characteristics. Every person has a blood type, (O, A, B, or AB) and an Rh factor, either positive or negative.

Bloodtype